Association Between Hormone Therapy and Weight Gain in the Menopause Transition and After Menopause: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives: to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to assess whether hormone therapy (HT) increases weight in women in the menopausal transition and after menopause. Method: this article proposes an update to the systematic review published in 2005 by the Cochrane Library (Kongnyuy EJ et al 2005) with reference to studies assessing weight changes in women receiving HT from 1986 to 2005. Following PRISMA recommendations, we included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) ) from May 2005 onwards from Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Two authors independently assessed the risk of biases in the selected studies. Results: ten RCTs were included, totaling 2,588 HT users and 764 non-users. Different regimens, dosages, and routes of administration in HT users were analyzed and compared to non-users. The results did not show statistically significant differences for most of the HT regimens evaluated. There was significant weight gain only in patients using EEC alone at dosages of 0.45 mg/day and 0.3 mg/day when compared to placebo (p 0.01); as well as in patients receiving esto-progestative combinations of 0.5 mg/day 17-beta-estradiol (E2) + 100 mg/day progesterone, with a 0.7 kg weight increase (p 0.032). On the other hand, the combinations of 1 mg/day estradiol valerate + 3 mg/day drospirenone showed a -1.0 kg reduction (p = 0.04), whereas a -0.2 kg reduction (p = 0.001) was identified in patients using 1 mg /day estradiol (E) + 0.5 mg norethisterone acetate (NETA). Tibolone therapy showed no statistically significant changes in weight. After performing a meta-analysis, the comparative results between users and non-users showed that there was a slight weight increase (+0.279 kg ; CI -1.71 to 2.27) in patients using 0.625 mg/day conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) + 2.5 mg/day medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). As for the patients receiving 2.5 mg/day Tibolone, weight gain (+0.670 kg; CI from -1.14 to 2.48) was also observed in them. However, these increases were not significant when compared to non-HT users. Conclusions: most regimens studied showed that patients using HT in the menopausal transition and after menopause did not show significant weight gain. The only combination that showed weight gain was 0.5 mg/day 17-beta-estradiol (E2) + 100 mg/day progesterone observed, while there was weight reduction in patients using 1 mg/day estradiol valerate + 3 mg/day drospirenone and 1 mg/day estradiol (E) + norethisterone acetate.

Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise para avaliar se a terapia hormonal (TH) aumenta o peso em mulheres na transição menopausal e após a menopausa. Métodos: este artigo propõe uma atualização da revisão sistemática publicada em 2005 pela Cochrane Library (Kongnyuy EJ et al., 2005) com referência a estudos avaliando mudanças de peso em mulheres recebendo TH de 1986 a 2005. Seguindo as recomendações do PRISMA, incluímos ensaios clínicos randomizados (RCTs) de maio de 2005 em diante do Medline, Embase e dos bancos de dados Cochrane CENTRAL. Diferenças médias padronizadas (SMD) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC) foram calculados. Dois autores avaliaram independentemente o risco de vieses nos estudos selecionados. Resultados: foram incluídos dez ECRs, totalizando 2.588 usuários de HT e 764 não usuários. Diferentes esquemas, dosagens e vias de administração em usuários de HT foram analisados e comparados a não usuários. Os resultados não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas para a maioria dos esquemas de TH avaliados. Houve ganho de peso significativo apenas nos pacientes que usaram apenas EEC nas doses de 0,45 mg/dia e 0,3 mg/dia quando comparados ao placebo (p 0,01); assim como em pacientes recebendo combinações estoprogestativas de 0,5 mg/dia de 17-beta-estradiol (E2) + 100 mg/dia de progesterona, com aumento de peso de 0,7 kg (p 0,032). Por outro lado, as combinações de 1 mg/dia de valerato de estradiol + 3 mg/dia de drospirenona apresentaram redução de -1,0 kg (p = 0,04), enquanto foi identificada redução de -0,2 kg (p = 0,001) nas pacientes que usaram 1 mg /dia estradiol (E) + 0,5 mg de acetato de noretisterona (NETA). A terapia com tibolona não mostrou alterações estatisticamente significativas no peso. Após realizar uma meta-análise, os resultados comparativos entre usuárias e não usuárias mostraram que houve um leve aumento de peso (+0,279 kg ; IC -1,71 a 2,27) em pacientes em uso de 0,625 mg/dia de estrogênio equino conjugado (CEE) + 2,5 mg/dia de acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MPA). Quanto aos pacientes que receberam Tibolona 2,5 mg/dia, também foi observado ganho de peso (+0,670 kg; IC de -1,14 a 2,48). No entanto, esses aumentos não foram significativos quando comparados aos não usuários de HT. Conclusões: a maioria dos esquemas estudados mostrou que as pacientes em uso de TH na transição menopausal e após a menopausa não apresentaram ganho de peso significativo. A única combinação que apresentou ganho de peso foi 0,5 mg/dia de 17-beta-estradiol (E2) + 100 mg/dia de progesterona, enquanto houve redução de peso nas pacientes que usaram 1 mg/dia de valerato de estradiol + 3 mg/dia de drospirenona e 1 mg/dia estradiol (E) + acetato de noretisterona.

Does the use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy offer protection against the formation or rupture of intracranial aneurysms in women?: a systematic review and meta-analysis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of using oral contraceptive and hormone replacement therapy as a protective factor in the formation of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. METHODS: This is a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis, using PubMed and Embase as databases and the PRISMA method. Case-control and cohort studies published until December 2022 were included in this review. RESULTS: Four studies were included in this review; three of which were eligible for meta-analysis. Regarding the use of oral contraceptive and the development of subarachnoid hemorrhage, there was a lower risk of aneurysm rupture with an odds ratio 0.65 (confidence interval 0.5-0.85). In the analysis of patients using hormone replacement therapy and developing subarachnoid hemorrhage, there was also a lower risk of aneurysm rupture with an OR 0.54 (CI 0.39-0.74). Only one article analyzed the formation of intracranial aneurysm and the use of hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptive, and there was a protective effect with the use of these medications. oral contraceptive: OR 2.1 (CI 1.2-3.8) and hormone replacement therapy: OR 3.1 (CI 1.5-6.2). CONCLUSION: The use of hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptive has a protective effect in intracranial aneurysm rupture and formation.

Progestinas y cáncer de mama en terapia de reemplazo hormonal: cómo actúan y qué alternativas son más seguras / Progestins and breast cancer in hormone replacement therapy: how do they work, and what alternatives are safer

En algunos estudios se ha asociado a la terapia de reemplazo hormonal (TRH) con estrógenos y progestinas a un mayor riesgo de cáncer de mama que la terapia con estrógenos solos. Sin embargo, dependiendo de su naturaleza algunas progestinas serían más seguras que otras. Se buscaron y analizaron artículos atingentes al tema en las bases de datos Google Scholar, PubMed, Science, SciELO y Cochrane, introduciendo los siguientes términos: terapia de reemplazo hormonal y cáncer de mama, progestinas y cáncer de mama, receptor de progesterona. Específicamente se ha asociado a las progestinas sintéticas acetato de medroxiprogesterona, noretisterona y levonorgestrel con un mayor riesgo de cáncer de mama, no así a la progesterona natural, a la progesterona oral micronizada ni a la didrogesterona. La progesterona natural, progesterona micronizada y didrogesterona serían más seguras en TRH para evitar el desarrollo de cáncer de mama, lo que estaría dado por la mayor especificidad en su acción.

In some studies, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogens and progestins has been associated with a higher risk of breast cancer than therapy with estrogens alone. However, depending on their nature, some progestins may be safer than others. This article analyzes the mode of action of progesterone in breast tissue and also the role of some progestins in the development of this pathology. Articles related to the subject were searched for and analyzed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science, SciELO and Cochrane databases, introducing the following terms: hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer, progestins and breast cancer, progesterone receptor. Specifically, synthetic progestins medroxyprogesterone acetate, norethisterone, and levonorgestrel have been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, but not natural progesterone, micronized oral progesterone, or dydrogesterone. Natural progesterone, micronized progesterone and dydrogesterone would be safer in HRT to prevent the development of breast cancer, which would be due to the greater specificity of their action.

Terapia Hormonal e Hipertensão em Mulheres na Pós-Menopausa: Resultados do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) / Hormone therapy and Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Resumo Fundamento A hipertensão arterial é considerada um importante fator de risco de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Embora a terapia hormonal da menopausa (THM) seja um tratamento muito eficiente para sintomas vasomotores nesse período, a influência dessa terapia na pressão arterial ainda não está clara. Objetivo Avaliar a relação entre o uso de THM e a hipertensão em participantes do ELSA-Brasil. Métodos Um estudo transversal usando dados da linha de base da coorte ELSA-Brasil, com 2.138 mulheres que passaram por menopausa natural. Neste estudo, foi analisado a hipertensão, definida como pressão arterial ≥140/90 mmHg ou uso anterior de anti-hipertensivo, e o uso da THM, com participantes sendo classificadas em grupos daquelas que nunca usaram, que já usaram e que estavam em uso atual. As associações foram avaliadas usando-se um modelo de regressão logística multivariada com uma significância estatística definida em p<0,05. Resultados No total, 1.492 mulheres (69,8%) nunca tinham usado a THM, 457 (21,4%) tinham usado no passado, e 189 (8,8%) estavam em uso atual. O uso de THM foi mais comum em mulheres que tinham índice de massa corporal <25 kg/m2 e níveis de triglicérides <150 mg/dl, que eram fisicamente menos inativas, não fumantes e não diabéticas. As mulheres em uso atual da THM apresentaram menores chances de ter hipertensão (OR=0,59; IC 95%: 0,41-0,85), em comparação com as que nunca a usaram. Na maioria dos casos, a THM foi iniciada com idade até 59 anos, com menos de 10 anos de menopausa e o uso durou até cinco anos. Conclusão O uso atual da THM não esteve relacionado à hipertensão, especialmente em mulheres saudáveis e que tinham menos de 60 anos de idade.

Abstract Background Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in post-menopausal women. Although menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is a very effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms during this period, the influence of this therapy on blood pressure is not yet clear. Objective To evaluate the relationship between the use of MHT and hypertension in participants of the ELSA-Brasil. Methods A cross-sectional study using the baseline ELSA-Brasil data in a cohort of 2,138 women who had experienced natural menopause. This study analyzed hypertension, defined as arterial pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or previous antihypertensive use, and use of MHT, with participants being classified into never, past, and current users. Associations were assessed using an adjusted logistic regression model, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results Overall, 1,492 women (69.8%) had never used MHT, 457 (21.4%) had used it in the past, and 189 (8.8%) were current users. The use of MHT was more common in women who had a body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2and triglyceride levels <150 mg/dl, and who were physically less inactive, non-smokers, and non-diabetics. Current MHT users were less likely to have hypertension (OR=0.59; 95% CI: 0.41-0.85) compared to those who had never used MHT. In most cases, MHT was started at or before 59 years of age, within 10 years of becoming menopausal, and its use lasted for up to five years. Conclusion Current MHT use was not related to hypertension, particularly in healthy women and in those under 60 years of age.

Climatério e menopausa: conhecimento e condutas de enfermeiras que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Climacteric and menopause: knowledge and conduct of nurses working in Primary Health Care / Climatérico y menopausia: saberes y conductas de enfermeros que actúan en la Atención Primaria de Salud

Objetivo: identificar o conhecimento e as condutas de enfermeiras na Atenção Primária à Saúde sobre climatério e menopausa. Método: estudo descritivo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado junto a 15 enfermeiras do município de Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e analisados pelo método de Bardin. Resultados: foi identificado conhecimento limitado em relação a definição de climatério, menopausa e de sinais e sintomas característicos, como também referente à terapia de reposição hormonal vaginal. A captação destas mulheres para as consultas de enfermagem se dava por demanda espontânea e ao realizar exame do colpocitopatológico. Conclusão: o conhecimento acerca do climatério é limitado nas práticas das enfermeiras na abordagem às mulheres que estão passando por esta fase. Na busca de minimizar as lacunas relacionadas ao desconhecimento profissional, é relevante a continuidade de estudos sobre a assistência a esse público.

Objective: to identify the knowledge and conduct of nurses who work in Primary Health Care about climacteric and menopause. Method: descriptive, exploratory study, of qualitative approach, carried out with 15 nurses from the municipality of Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Bardin method. Results: limited knowledge was identified regarding the definition of climacteric, menopause and characteristic signs and symptoms, as well as the vaginal hormone replacement therapy. The recruitment of these women for nurse consultations happened by spontaneous demand and when performing the colpocytopathological examination. Conclusion: knowledge about climacteric is limited in nurses' practices in addressing women who are going through this stage. In order to minimize the gaps related to professional ignorance, it is relevant to continue studies on assistance to this public.

Objetivo: identificar el conocimiento y la conducta de los enfermeros de la Atención Primaria de Salud sobre el climaterio y la menopausia. Método: estudio descriptivo exploratorio, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con 15 enfermeros del municipio de Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizados utilizando el método de Bardin. Resultados: se identificó conocimiento limitado sobre la definición de climaterio, menopausia y signos y síntomas característicos, así como sobre la terapia de reemplazo hormonal vaginal. Estas mujeres fueron reclutadas para consultas de enfermería por demanda espontánea y mediante la realización de una prueba de Papanicolaou. Conclusión: el conocimiento sobre el climaterio es limitado en las prácticas de enfermería en el abordaje de mujeres que pasan por esta fase. En la búsqueda de minimizar las lagunas relacionadas con el desconocimiento profesional, es importante continuar los estudios sobre la atención a este público.

Ulnar-Mammary syndrome with TBX3 gene mutation in a Chinese family: A case report and literature review / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Ulnar-Mammary syndrome (UMS) is a rare monogenic disorder caused by mutations of the TBX3 gene. This paper reported a family of UMS. The proband, a 15-year old man, was presented with mammary gland dysplasia, ulnar limb defect, short stature, and delayed growth. Whole exome sequencing revealed a 1294_1301dup mutation in exon 6 of the TBX3 gene. Sanger sequencing was used to verify other members of the family, which suggested his mother also carried the same mutation, but merely resulting in the dysplasia of her left little finger. Notably, unilateral finger involvement without any systemic organ involvement was unusual in UMS patients. The proband then was treated with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). After a year and a half, his height and secondary sexual characteristics were significantly improved. The clinical manifestations of the disease are highly heterogeneous, which is easy to be misdiagnosed and missed. When the diagnosis is unclear, genetic testing is helpful for auxiliary diagnosis.

Effects of low dose hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density and estrogen level in the treatment of perimenopausal women with osteoporosis / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To study the effect of low dose hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on bone mineral density and estrogen level in perimenopausal women with osteoporosis (OP).Methods:A total of 105 perimenopausal OP patients diagnosed and treated in Guangrao County People′s Hospital from March 2019 to May 2020 were selected and divided into the conventional group (51 cases) and the hormone group (54 cases) according to the non-randomized clinical concurrent control study and the principle of patient voluntary. The former group was given conventional drug therapy, while the latter group was given low-dose HRT. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone metabolic markers, endometrial thickness, and hormone levels were compared between the two groups before and after the treatment, and the safety was assessed.Results:After the treatment, bone mineral density values of lumbar L 2 - L 4 and greater trochanter in the hormone group were higher than those in the conventional group: (1.23 ± 0.25) g/cm 2 vs. (1.12 ± 0.27) g/cm 2, (0.62 ± 0.16) g/cm 2 vs. (0.55 ± 0.17) g/cm 2, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). After treatment, the level of bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) in the hormone group was higher than that in the conventional group: (6.71 ± 1.20) μg/L vs.(5.82 ± 1.04) μg/L; the levels of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b), osteocalcin (BGP) in the hormone group were lower than those in the conventional group: (501.42 ± 36.66) pg/L vs. (536.63 ± 38.58) pg/L, (75.86 ± 6.39) U/L vs. (79.32 ± 7.13) U/L, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the hormone group were lower than those in the conventional group: (11.23 ± 2.21) U/L vs. (13.31 ± 1.98) U/L, (13.64 ± 3.68) U/L vs. (16.47 ± 4.04) U/L; the level of estradiol (E 2) in the hormone group was higher than that in the conventional group: (98.46 ± 18.34) nmol/L vs. (91.38 ± 17.59) nmol/L, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in endometrial thickness between the two groups before and after the treatment ( P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of adverse reaction and adverse event ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The application of low-dose HRT in the treatment of perimenopausal OP patients can effectively increase the body mineral density value, improve the level of sex hormone and bone metabolism markers, and do not increase the endometrial thickness, with a higher safety.

Research progress in thyroid hormone replacement therapy for low T3 syndrome / 中国综合临床

Low triiodothyronine syndrome (LT3S) is an abnormal alteration of thyroid hormone levels in patients with acute and severe illnesses in certain disease states, without clinical symptoms corresponding to altered thyroid function. There is a clear correlation between LT3S and the severity of the patient's condition and prognosis. The lower the triiodothyronine (T3) level is, the more severe the patient's condition is, and combined with acute physiology and chronic health score and other indicators, it can predict the prognosis of the patient's condition. The mechanism of occurrence and development of LT3S is relatively complex. In the early stage, it may be the adaptive change of the body to the stress condition. With the aggravation and extension of the disease course, it may participate in the disease progression.Current guidelines mostly do not recommend hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for patients with LT3S. New and more unified observational indicators should be available to fully verify the effectiveness of TH therapy.

Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with hypopituitarism / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of growth hormone replacement therapy(GHRT) on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with hypopituitarism.Methods:Clinical data of patients with hypopituitarism who received GHRT in Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from December 2016 to February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into normal glucose regulation(NGR) group and impaired glucose regulation(IGR) group according to their glucose metabolism status before GHRT. The changes of the characteristics of glucose metabolism before and after GHRT were analyzed.Results:A total of 30 patients aged(23.0±5.2) years were included, 23 patients in NGR group and 7 patients in IGR group. After 12 months of GHRT, there were no significant changes in fasting plasma glucose(FPG), 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose(2hPG), and insulin sensitivity index(ISI) in both groups(all P>0.05), while homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance(HOMA-IR) in IGR group was significantly decreased compared with that before GHRT( P<0.05). None of the patients in NGR group progressed to IGR or diabetes mellitus, and none of the 7 patients in the IGR group progressed to diabetes mellitus, while 4 of them recovered from impaired glucose tolerance(IGT) to NGR. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were all significantly decreased in two groups(all P<0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the increase of body mass index was an independent risk factor for the increase of FPG and 2hPG( P<0.05). Conclusion:12-month GHRT significantly improved their blood lipid profiles in patients with hypopituitarism without adversely affecting glucose homeostasis.

Descrição de medicamentos prescritos para a terapia hormonal em serviços de saúde especializados para transexuais e travestis no Rio Grande do Sul, 2020 / Descripción de medicamentos recetados para terapia hormonal en servicios de salud especializados para transexuales y travestis en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2020 / Description of drugs prescribed for hormone therapy in specialized health services for transsexual and transvestite persons in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2020

Objetivo: Descrever os medicamentos prescritos para o tratamento hormonal do processo transexualizador em estabelecimentos de saúde de atendimento especializado para pessoas transexuais e travestis no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, com coleta de dados nesses estabelecimentos, no período maio-setembro/2020, utilizando-se instrumento elaborado pelos(as) pesquisadores(as). Obtiveram-se dados sobre o perfil de usuários(as) e características do cuidado farmacológico de tratamento hormonal. Resultados: A pesquisa contemplou todos os sete serviços do estado. Para mulheres transexuais e travestis, medicamentos antiandrogênicos e espironolactona foram prescritos em todos os serviços. Apenas um estabelecimento não prescreveu ciproterona. Todos os estabelecimentos de saúde realizaram prescrição de medicamentos a base de estrógenos, com diferenças na via de administração; para homens transexuais, todos prescreveram andrógenos por via intramuscular. Conclusão: A pesquisa aponta os medicamentos prescritos e sua diversidade, ratificando a necessidade da produção de informação para implementação das políticas de equidade no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Objetivo: Describir los medicamentos prescritos para el tratamiento hormonal en establecimientos de salud que brindan atención especializada a transexuales y travestis en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, con recolección de datos en los establecimientos, entre mayo y septiembre de 2020, utilizando el instrumento desarrollado por los investigadores. Se obtuvieron datos sobre el perfil de usuarios (as) y características del cuidado farmacológico de tratamiento hormonal. Resultados: La encuesta abarcó los siete servicios estatales. Para las mujeres transgénero y travestis se prescribieron antiandrógenos y espironolactona en todos los servicios. Sólo un establecimiento no prescribió ciproterona. Todos los establecimientos de salud prescribieron medicamentos a base de estrógenos con diferencias en la vía de administración. Para los hombres transgénero, todos los andrógenos se recetan por vía intramuscular. Conclusión: La investigación destaca la diversidad de medicamentos prescritos, ratificando la necesidad de producir información para la implementación de políticas de equidad en el Sistema de Salud Brasileño.

Objective: To describe the drugs prescribed for hormone treatment as part of the transsexualization process in health facilities providing specialized care for transsexual and transvestite persons in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: This was a descriptive study based on data collected in health facilities between May and September 2020 using the instrument developed by the researchers. Results: The survey covered all seven services in the state. Antiandrogen drugs and spironolactone were prescribed for transsexuals and transvestites women in all services. Only one service did not prescribe cyproterone. All health facilities prescribed estrogen-based drugs, although with differences in the route of administration. In the case of transsexuals men, all services prescribed androgens to be administered via the intramuscular route. Conclusion: The study indicates which drugs are prescribed and their diversity, ratifying the need to produce information for the implementation of equity policies in the Brazilian National Health System.

Reposição de testosterona em mulheres cisgênero na menopausa / Testosterone replacement in menopausal cisgender women

Ainda não existe consenso a respeito da prescrição de testosterona terapêutica para mulheres cisgênero na menopausa, seus benefícios e efeitos colaterais. Objetivo: Sumarizar os estudos recentes sobre o uso terapêutico da testosterona em mulheres na menopausa. Método: Revisão sistemática de literatura baseada nos dados da plataforma PubMed. Foram identificados 10.912 estudos potenciais. As palavras-chave usadas foram "testosterone", "women", "therapy", "treatment". Selecionou-se revisões sistemáticas e metanálises dos últimos 5 anos, todas na língua inglesa. Excluiram-se artigos duplicados, os que abordam uso de testosterona como anabolizantes e/ou em atletas e em transexuais e estudos que envolviam homens. O levantamento de dados foi realizado com 9 artigos. Resultados: O uso dessa terapia hormonal no período da pós-menopausa mostrou melhora dos sintomas sexuais. Há diferença entre as vias de aplicação, sendo que a via oral pode acarretar maiores prejuízos, principalmente em relação aos níveis lipídicos séricos. A testosterona intravaginal melhora a função sexual. A prescrição na prática se mostra um problema, pois as apresentações comercializadas não atendem à necessidade fisiológica feminina. Conclusão: A terapia mostra-se eficaz em curto prazo, apesar de ainda haver necessidade de estudos para uso em longo prazo

There is still no consensus regarding the prescription of testosterone therapy for cisgender menopausal woman, its benefits and side effects. Objective: Summarize recent studies on the therapeutic use of testosterone in menopausal woman. Methods: Systematic literature review based on data from the PubMed platform. A total of 10.912 potential studies were identified. The used keywords were "testosterone", "woman", "therapy", "treatment". Systematic reviews and meta-analyses from the last 5 years were selected, all in English. Were excluded: duplicated articles, the ones that address the use of testosterone as anabolic steroid and/or in athletes and transsexuals and studies that involved man. Tthe data collection was made with 9 articles. Results: The use of this hormone therapy in postmenopausal period showed sexual symptoms improvement. There are differences between the routes of administration, for the oral administration could lead to more damage, mainly related to the lipids serum levels. Intravaginal testosterone improves sexual function. The prescription in practice is shown to be a problem, since the commercialized presentations do not meet the feminine physiological necessities. Conclusion: This therapy proves to be effective in short term use, although there is still a need for studies for long-term use

Efeitos da terapia de reposição com testosterona e do chá mate (Ilex paraguariensis) nos parâmetros bioquímicos, funcionais e redox da saliva de ratos orquiectomizados / Effects of testosterone replacement therapy and mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) on biochemical, functional and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats

Apesar dos efeitos já conhecidos da testosterona (T) e do chá mate (CM) [Ilex paraguariensis] no estado redox de diversos tecidos biológicos, pouco se sabe a respeito de seus efeitos na saliva. O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da terapia de reposição com testosterona (TRT) e do CM nos parâmetros bioquímicos, funcionais e redox da saliva de ratos orquiectomizados. Sessenta ratos Wistar (3 meses de idade) foram castrados bilateralmente ou sofreram cirurgia fictícia (SHAM) e distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos: SHAM, OQX, UT (castrados que receberam injeção única de undecanoato de testosterona 100 mg/kg, CM (castrados que receberam CM 20 mg/kg, via gavagem intragástrica, diariamente) e UT+CM. Todos os tratamentos começaram 4 semanas após a castração e duraram 4 semanas. Ao final do tratamento, a secreção salivar foi estimulada por pilocarpina para determinação da taxa de fluxo salivar (TFS), pH, capacidade tamponante (CTS), além da análise da composição bioquímica pela mensuração da proteína total (PT), amilase (AMI), eletrólitos e biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo. TFS, CTS, cálcio, fósforo, cloreto, capacidade antioxidante total (CAT), substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), proteína carbonilada (PC) aumentaram com a OQX, enquanto o conteúdo de PT e atividade da AMI na saliva decaíram no grupo OQX. Já o pH, sódio e potássio salivar não foram alterados. A administração de CM aumentou a TFS, cálcio, fósforo, cloreto, CAT e PC. Por outro lado, o grupo CM sofreu redução da PT, enquanto o pH, CTS, AMI, sódio, potássio e TBARS não sofreram nenhuma alteração em relação ao grupo SHAM. Os grupos UT e UT+CM não sofreram qualquer tipo de alteração em relação ao SHAM. TRT com UT restaurou os parâmetros bioquímicos, funcionais e redox da saliva em ratos castrados. CM não teve um efeito semelhante à T na função da glândula salivar, no entanto, pode ser considerada uma ferramenta para aliviar o estresse oxidativo salivar induzido pela OQX(AU)

Despite the known effects of testosterone (T) and mate tea (MT) on the redox state of different biological tissues, little is known about their effects on saliva. The objective was to evaluate the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and MT [Ilex paraguariensis] on biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats (ORX). Sixty young adult male Wistar rats (3 months old) were either castrated bilaterally or underwent fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were distributed into 5 groups: SHAM, ORX, TU (castrated rats that received a single intramuscular injection of testosterone undecanoate 100 mg/kg body weight (BW), MT (castrated rats that received MT 20 mg/kg BW, via intragastric gavage, daily) and TU+MT. All treatments started 4 weeks after castration and lasted 4 weeks. At the end of treatment, pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion was collected for analyzing of salivary flow rate (SFR) and biochemistry composition by determination of total protein (TP), amylase (AMY), electrolyte and biomarkers of oxidative stress. TFS, salivary buffering capacity (CTS), calcium, phosphorus, chloride, total antioxidant capacity (CAT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl (PC) increased with ORX. While the PT content and AMI activity in saliva decreased in the OQX group. On the other hand, salivary pH, sodium and potassium were not altered. MT administration increased TFS, calcium, phosphorus, chloride, CAT and PC. On the other hand, the MT group suffered a reduction in PT, while the pH, CTS, AMI, sodium, potassium and TBARS did not change in relation to the SHAM group. The TU and TU+MT groups did not suffer any changes in relation to SHAM. TRT with long-acting TU restored the biochemical, functional, and redox parameters of saliva in orchiectomized rats. MT did not have a testosterone-like effect on salivary gland function, however, it could be considered a tool to alleviate the salivary oxidative stress induced by orchiectomy(AU)

Terapia de reposição hormonal e câncer de mama: uma revisão de literatura acerca da influência do tratamento hormonal no desenvolvimento neoplásico / Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer: a literature review about the influence of hormonal treatment on neoplastic development

A menopausa é decorrente da queda gradativa de secreção hormonal ovariana e, nesse período, muitas mulheres apresentam sintomas que comprometem a qualidade de vida. A terapia hormonal (TH) surgiu como importante ferramenta para amenizar a sintomatologia climatérica. No entanto, foram levantadas suspeitas sobre a correlação entre o tratamento e o aumento do risco do câncer de mama (CM). O presente trabalho objetiva avaliar a relação entre CM e TH, abrangendo as implicações da terapia nos sintomas da menopausa, na incidência da neoplasia e na mortalidade. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa de literatura, em que foram buscados artigos publicados entre julho de 2010 e julho de 2020, nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e SciELO. Os principais tipos de TH são o estrogênio isolado e o combinado com progesterona. Nos estudos analisados, a terapia combinada foi relacionada à maior incidência de CM quando comparada ao regime estrogênico. De acordo com a literatura, modificações na densidade mamográfica, induzidas pela TH, podem elevar o risco para carcinoma mamário. Os artigos relataram que fatores além da terapia hormonal, como o estilo de vida, podem interferir na incidência de CM e devem ser analisados individualmente. A mortalidade por CM influenciada pela TH não demonstrou aumento significativo. No geral, a TH foi considerada o tratamento mais eficaz para aliviar sintomas climatéricos. Entretanto, estudos a longo prazo que analisem os riscos e a confiabilidade da terapia devem ser estimulados, a fim de indicar a terapêutica mais segura e evitar intervenções indevidas.

Menopause is due to the gradual drop in ovarian hormonal secretion, and, during this period, many women have symptoms that compromise quality of life. Hormone therapy (HT) has emerged as an important tool to alleviate climacteric symptoms. However, suspicions were raised about the correlation between treatment and the increased risk of breast cancer (BC). The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between BC and HT, covering the implications of therapy for menopausal symptoms, the incidence of neoplasia and mortality. This is a narrative review of the literature, in which articles published between July 2010 and July 2020 were searched for in the LILACS, MEDLINE and SciELO databases. The main types of HT are estrogen alone and combined formula with progesterone. In the studies analyzed, combined therapy was related to a higher incidence of BC when compared to the estrogenic regimen. According to the literature, changes in mammographic density, induced by HT, can increase the risk for breast carcinoma. The articles reported that factors other than hormone therapy, such as lifestyle, can interfere with the incidence of BC and should be analyzed individually. Mortality from BC influenced by HT did not show a significant increase. Overall, HT was considered to be the most effective treatment for relieving climacteric symptoms. Although, long-term studies that analyze the risks and reliability of therapy should be encouraged in order to indicate the safest therapeutics and to avoid unnecessary interventions.

Estrogen and white matter hyperintensities / 国际脑血管病杂志

Estrogen is an important hormone secreted by the female reproductive system. Its main function is associated with reproduction, growth and development. Studies have shown that estrogen has biological functions such as regulating vasoconstriction, antioxidant stress, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection, and also affects brain structure and network. Studies have shown that estrogen is closely associated with the occurrence and development of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs). This article reviews the relationship between estrogen and menopausal hormone replacement therapy and WMHs, and their possible pathophysiological mechanisms.

O que o profissional da saúde precisa saber a respeito do atendimento às pessoas transexuais ou transgênero / What does the health professional needs to know about the care of transgender people

RESUMO: Introdução: As pessoas transexuais encontram uma série de dificuldades no atendimento médico, tanto na rede privada como na pública no Brasil. Objetivo: Demonstrar aos profissionais da área da saúde a realidade vivida pelas pessoas transexuais, quando necessitam de atendimento médico no Brasil, visando aprimorar os conhecimentos sobre o atendimento a este grupo populacional. Métodos: Coleta de dados realizada em fevereiro de 2020 com buscas nas bases eletrônicas: PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs e Google Scholar. Utilizou-se os descritores em associação: transgender; medical care; transexual; cross-sex hormone therapy, no período entre 2000 a 2020. Resultados: Encontramos 720 publicações com as palavras-chave transgender persons e medical care, 30 com as palavras-chave transgender, medical care e cross-sex hormone therapy, sendo escassos os estudos feitos no Brasil. Conclusão: Para que ocorra uma melhora no atendimento à saúde das pessoas transexuais é necessário que sejam inseridas disciplinas específicas sobre este tema na grade curricular dos cursos técnicos, de graduação e de pós-graduação da área da saúde. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Transsexual people encounter a series of difficulties in medical care, both in the private and public health systems in Brazil. Objectives: Demonstrate to health professionals the reality experienced by transsexual people when they need medical care in Brazil, in order to improve knowledge about the care of this population group. Methods: Data collection was carried out in February 2020 with searches in electronic databases: Pubmed, Scielo, Lilacs and Google Scholar. The following descriptors were used: transgender; medical care; transsexual; cross-sex hormone therapy from 2000 to 2020.Results: We found 720 publications with the keywords transgender persons and medical care, 30 with the keywords transgender, medical care and cross-sex hormone therapy, with few studies conducted in Brazil Conclusion: To improve the health care of transgender people, it is necessary to insert specific disciplines on this topic in the curriculum of technical, undergraduate and graduate courses in the health area. (AU)

Body composition, but not insulin resistance, influences postprandial lipemia in patients with Turner's syndrome

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of body composition and insulin resistance on the magnitude of postprandial lipemia in patients with Turner's syndrome receiving oral versus transdermal estrogen replacement. Subjects and methods: Twenty-five patients with Turner's syndrome receiving oral or transdermal estrogen replacement were evaluated for body mass index, waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios, fasting glycemia, insulin, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and postprandial lipid metabolism. For statistical analysis, we used parametric tests to compare numeric variables between the two subgroups. Results: We observed no difference in postprandial triglyceride levels between patients receiving oral versus transdermal hormone replacement therapy. The postprandial triglycerides increment correlated positively with the percentage of total fat mass (p=0.02) and android fat mass (p=0.02) in the transdermal group. In the oral estrogen group, a positive correlation was observed between the increment in postprandial triglycerides and waist-to-hip (p=0.15) and waist-to-height (p=0.009) ratios. No association was observed between the estrogen replacement route and insulin resistance evaluated by the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index (p=0.19 and p=0.65 for the oral and transdermal groups, respectively). Conclusion: We concluded that body composition and anthropometric characteristics possibly affect the extent of postprandial lipemia independently from the route of estrogen replacement.

Urinary incontinence and overactive bladder symptoms in women with breast cancer being treated with oral hormone therapy / Incontinência urinária e sintomas de bexiga hiperativa em mulheres com câncer de mama em tratamento com terapia hormonal oral

Abstract Objective: The objective of the present study is to observe the frequency and severity of urinary symptoms in women with breast cancer (BC) being treated with oral hormone therapy, associating them to drug adherence. Methods: The participants were interviewed once from June to October 2016. The evaluation of urinary symptoms was performed by two questionnaires: International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder Module (ICIQ-OAB). Adherence was evaluated by the Morisky-Green method. Statistical analysis was performed by the Mann-Whitney test, linear regression, and Spearman correlation. Results: Fifty-eight women were interviewed: 42 treated with tamoxifen and 16 with aromatase inhibitor. Twenty-seven women (46.5%) presented urinary incontinence symptoms and 15 (25.8%) presented stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Fourteen (24.1%) women had symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB). There was no statistical difference in symptoms between both treatments and duration of treatments. Higher scores in the ICIQ-SF questionnaire were associated with low/medium adherence and advanced age. Higher scores in the ICIQ-OAB questionnaire were associated with low/medium adherence. Conclusion: The present study showed a high prevalence of urinary symptoms, such as urinary incontinence and OAB, associated with low/medium adherence and older age in women with BC being treated with oral hormone therapy. Health professionals should be alert to these symptoms since it could influence life quality and adherence to treatment.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi observar a frequência e a gravidade dos sintomas urinários em mulheres com câncer de mama em uso de terapia hormonal oral, associando estes com a adesão ao tratamento. Métodos: As pacientes foram entrevistadas uma única vez, entre junho e outubro de 2016. A avaliação dos sintomas urinários foi realizada por dois questionários: International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF, na sigla em inglês) e o Questionário Sobre Bexiga Hiperativa (ICIQ-OAB, na sigla em inglês). A adesão foi avaliada pelo método Morisky-Green. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, regressão linear e correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 58 mulheres: 42 tratadas com tamoxifeno e 16 com inibidor de aromatase. Vinte e sete mulheres (46,5%) apresentaram sintomas de incontinência urinária (IU) e 15 (25,8%) apresentaram incontinência urinária por estresse (IUS). Quatorze (24,1%) das mulheres tinham sintomas de bexiga hiperativa. Não houve diferença estatística nos sintomas entre os tratamentos e a duração dos tratamentos. Os escores mais elevados no questionário ICIQ-SF estiveram associados à baixa/média adesão e à idade avançada. Os escores mais elevados no questionário da ICIQ-OAB foram associados à baixa/média adesão. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou alta prevalência de sintomas urinários, como IU e bexiga hiperativa, associadas à baixa/média adesão e à idade mais avançada em mulheres com câncer de mama em tratamento com hormonioterapia oral. Os profissionais de saúde devem estar atentos a esses sintomas, pois eles podem influenciar a qualidade de vida e a adesão ao tratamento.

Action of hormonal therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review

SUMMARY Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease characterized by muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, and decreased reflexes due to upper and lower motor neurons death. It can be present in both sexes (55-65 years), but with predominance in males. However, in female patients, ALS presents its first symptoms when they are already postmenopausal, when then the incidence ratio of the disease is practically equal between the sexes, which leads to a probable involvement of sex hormones in the development and protection against ALS. The aim of this systematic review, which used the PRISMA consensus and NOS (New Castle-Ottawa Scale) score, was to evaluate the evidence of the action of hormone therapy in women with ALS. The Medline and Cochrane databases were accessed from March 2019 to June 2019, and only full-text articles in Spanish, English, and Portuguese were included. Only four articles matched our inclusion criteria. Postmenopausal women who used exogenous estrogen did not have the same protective factor as women still under the action of endogenous estrogen in the same age group. There was also no increase in the survival of these women.

Plantas medicinais utilizadas para o tratamento de distúrbios associados à menopausa / Medicinal plants used for treatment of menopause-related disorders

Introdução: com o aumento da expectativa de vida e o envelhecimento populacional, tendo em vista que a expectativa de vida das mulheres no Brasil é de 79,4 anos, espera-se que grande parte da população feminina passará aproximadamente um terço de suas vidas na pós-menopausa. Objetivo: sistematizar estudos científicos experimentais com modelo animal e humano que utilizaram plantas medicinais no tratamento de sintomas e patologias associadas à menopausa. Metodologia: trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática do tipo integrativa, realizada a partir das recomendações do PRISMA, em junho de 2018, a partir de artigos publicados no período de 2014 a agosto de 2018 nas seguintes bases eletrônicas: Scielo; Pubmed; Springer; Science Direct e EBSCO, utilizando-se como palavras-chaves menopause (menopausa) e Plants, Medicinal (plantas medicinais) e seus respectivos sinônimos. Resultados: foram selecionados 453 artigos nas bases eletrônicas Scielo; Pubmed; Springer; Science Direct e EBSCO. Após leitura inicial dos títulos e resumos foram selecionados 68 artigos para análise final. Os dados coletados destes artigos foram: tipo de modelo experimental, planta utilizada, dose e tempo de tratamento, forma de apresentação, principais resultados, conclusão e local do estudo. Conclusão: as plantas medicinais parecem ser uma alternativa bastante efetiva e que apresenta poucos efeitos colaterais quando comparados à terapia de reposição hormonal. No entanto, mais estudos e ensaios clínicos são necessários para tornar estas ervas medicinais um tratamento complementar ou alternativo para o tratamento dos sintomas associados a menopausa em um futuro próximo.

Introduction: with the increase in life expectancy and population aging, considering that the life expectancy of women in Brazil is 79.4 years, it is expected that a large part of the female population will spend approximately one third of their lives in post menopause. Objective: to systematize experimental scientific studies with animal and human models that used medicinal plants to treat symptoms and pathologies associated with menopause. Methodology: this is a systematic bibliographic review of the integrative type, carried out based on the recommendations of PRISMA, in June 2018, based on articles published in the period from 2014 to August 2018 in the following electronic databases: Scielo; Pubmed; Springer; Science Direct and EBSCO, using as keywords menopause (menopause) and Plants, Medicinal (medicinal plants) and their respective synonyms. Results: 453 articles were selected from the Scielo electronic databases; Pubmed; Springer; Science Direct and EBSCO. After initial reading of the titles and Abstracts, 68 articles were selected for final analysis. The data collected from these articles were: type of experimental model, plant used, dose and treatment time, form of presentation, main results, conclusion and study location. Conclusion: medicinal plants seem to be a very effective alternative and have few side effects when compared to hormone replacement therapy.